At the turn of the seventeenth century, a new dynastic party established authority across Central Asia. In Four Types of Loyalty in Early Modern Central Asia, Thomas Welsford offers the first detailed account of how and why this happened. By examining some of the ways in which various social groupings helped to facilitate the Tūqāy-Tīmūrids’ acquisition of power, Welsford consi...(展开全部)

At the turn of the seventeenth century, a new dynastic party established authority across Central Asia. In Four Types of Loyalty in Early Modern Central Asia, Thomas Welsford offers the first detailed account of how and why this happened. By examining some of the ways in which various social groupings helped to facilitate the Tūqāy-Tīmūrids’ acquisition of power, Welsford consi...(展开全部)

When faced with problems many business leaders and teams reach for familiar and standard problem-solving methods, often creating unnecessary struggle, frustration, delay, and ineffectiveness in solving the problem -- if it is ever solved at all! In other words, they keep reaching for the same old hammer as if every business problem were a nail. In Four Types of Problems, contin...(展开全部)

A collection of papers on the history of Christianity along the Silk Road and in pre-modern China, pushing back the frontier of knowledge in a fast developing new area of research. The diffusion of Christianity along the Silk Road from Iraq and Iran to China in the premodern era has attracted scholarly attention in the West since the discovery of the famous Xian (Nestorian) Mon...(展开全部)

In the first half of the 18th century, Central Asia's Bukharan Khanate (1500-1747/85) descended into a crisis from which it would not recover. Bukharans suffered failed harvests and famine, a severe fiscal downturn, invasions from the north and the south, rebellion, and then revolution. To date, efforts to identify the cause of this crisis have focused on the assumption that th...(展开全部)

In the first half of the 18th century, Central Asia's Bukharan Khanate (1500-1747/85) descended into a crisis from which it would not recover. Bukharans suffered failed harvests and famine, a severe fiscal downturn, invasions from the north and the south, rebellion, and then revolution. To date, efforts to identify the cause of this crisis have focused on the assumption that th...(展开全部)

Ronald P. Toby argues that this isolationism was by no means so complete as traditionally supposed. He demonstrates that the Tokugawa shoguns conducted a foreign policy that established the shogunate's legitimacy, preserved Japan's security in an unstable environment, and buttressed her ideological pretensions to centrality in an East Asian order independent of the Chinese worl...(展开全部)

Ronald P. Toby argues that this isolationism was by no means so complete as traditionally supposed. He demonstrates that the Tokugawa shoguns conducted a foreign policy that established the shogunate's legitimacy, preserved Japan's security in an unstable environment, and buttressed her ideological pretensions to centrality in an East Asian order independent of the Chinese worl...(展开全部)

罗纳德·托比(Ronald P.Toby，1942—)：美国历史学家。1977年获哥伦比亚大学博士学位，现为伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校荣誉教授。研究方向为日本近世史、近世日朝关系史和日本地图史。他对将日本近世视为“锁国”的传统历史观抱有疑问，从20世纪70年代开始提出了重新审视日本近世的建议。代表作有《遭遇他者：“日本”及其另我，1550—1850》（Engaging the Other: 'Japan' and Its Alter-Egos, 1550-1850）（博睿，2019）、《所谓“锁国”的外交》（「『鎖国』という外交」）（小学馆，2008）。